life is beautiful

Ethics of Manusmriti

2011-06-27T03:51:00.000-07:00

Manusmriti is also well renowned as Laws of Manu or Institution of Manu. It has provided base to the Hindu laws and regulations. It was written and compiled during 1^st century. It’s one of the 18 smrities of Dharmasastra. Manusmriti is divided into 12 chapters and content wise it can be divided it into three sections and they are

1) Origin of the World

2) Sources of the Law

3) Dharma of the four Social classes (Brahamanas/ Kshatriyas/ Vaishyas/ Shudras)

Though the classification is heavily criticized and has brought injustice to many people till date, still Manusmriti contains a system that has helped in managing a society.

Who was Manu?

Manu is considered to be the forefather of all human races. Manu created set of laws that guided the social and religious behavior of people following the ethical principle of Dharma.

What is Smriti?

Literally, smriti means “what is remembered”. Smriti contains laws, rules, and code of conduct to be followed by individuals, communities and nations.

Manusmriti was even given a new name by British Colonial Rulers of India as “The Law Book” of Hindus. As it not only contains civil and criminal laws but also the rule of inheritance, laws regarding families and marriage. It actually gave every details of the daily life of an individual.

Concept of ethics differs as per Eastern and Western. Eastern ethics totally depends on hindu perspective and is dealt in a distinct way. As said in Manusmriti-

“The whole Veda is the first source of the sacred law, next tradition and the virtuous conduct of those who know the Veda further, also the customs of men and finally self satisfaction”.

Vedic is the obedience to the divine law- Rita. Rita is related to rite and right. There are three levels of rita:

Nature (cosmic order)
Sacrificial or ritual order
The order of human conduct

Good are those who follow the path of rita i.e. the path of truth and the ordered.

Rita = Dharma

Dharma is a scheme of right living or also referred as a whole way of life rather than to mere doctrines or moral teachings alone.

Central idea of Dharma:

As being a human out of an evolutionary process, well distinguished from other animal species, one should have the ability to differentiate between good and evil. So, it can even be said that Dharma represents the moral principle that makes human life worthy and provides meaning to the system that has been evolved to support human life. Dharma is related with Karma- the act, deed or work. Karma is considered to be the law which pervades the whole world, which all God and men must obey.

Theory of Karma:

As said- “Good action produces good fruit,

Evil action produces evil fruit.

Hindu ethics emphasizes on karma and reincarnation. It focuses on one’s deeds that determine the future state of the person. So, the foundation of Hindu ethics is the Hindu religious texts from Vedas to Upanishads, from Purans to Ramayana/ Mahabharata. They are often considered to be cultural and philosophical texts.

Comparison between Manusmriti and Mimamsa Philosophy

It is clear that Manusmriti has its roots in Dharma and so does Mimamsa philosophy. Mimamsa philosophy too considers the primacy of dharma in human life. Veda is the final and supreme authority for both Mimamsa and Manusmriti. As in Mimamsa, Manu too associates dharma with karma i.e. emphasis on good act or work and believing that the law of karma is inevitable. The karma yogya is the essence of manusmriti which seeks morality, fair play and justice in every human activity. For Manu, dharma is the touchstone of ethics and morality. He has provided the tenfold principles which are as follows:

· Dhairya or Dhriti- Contentment

· Kshama- Forgiveness

· Dama- Self- control

· Asteya- Refraining from unrighteous appropriating anything

· Saucha- Cleanliness

· Indriya nigraha- Control of immoral desires

· Dhi- Wisdom

· Vidya- Knowledge

· Satya- Truthfulness

· Akrodha- Refraining from anger

These ten principals are further summarized into four categories:

Ahimsa
Dana
Satya
Niskama karma

They make a common moral principle that is equally applicable for all but there were some exceptions concerning Varna and Asrama.

Varna: Manusmriti has developed Hindu culture society divided into caste i.e. Varna.

Brahamanas (Teacher/ Priests)
Kshatriyas (Administrators and Army men)
Vaishyas/ Aryans (Traders/ Farmers/ Herdsmen)
Shudras (Unholy slaves)

This division has set some position and duties as well as has justified Brahamanas supremacy.

Asrama: It is the stages of life that was too divided into four periods.

Brahmacharya/ Student
Grahasta/ Householder
Vanaprastha/Hermitage
Sanyasa/Renunciate

The entire moral system of Dharma in Manusmriti is framed within a triangle of

Karma

Varna

Asrama

A verse from Manusmriti:

“Satyam Bruyat Priyam Bruyat,

Ma Bruyat Satyam Apriyam;

Priyam Ca Nanrutam,

Bruyat Esha Dharmah Sanatanah;”

Translation: Speak truth in such a way that it should be pleasing to others. Never speak truth which is unpleasant to others. Never speak truth which might be pleasant. This is the path of eternal morality, Sanatana Dharma.

Meaning: The main point is speaking truth which in one’s dharma. Speaking such truth which benefits others and is pleasant to listen.

Media Ethics and Manusmriti

Features of Journalism are:

Responsibility
Freedom of the Press
Independence
Truth and Accurate
Impartiality
Fairplay

The content of media must be true, right, accurate and shouldn't harm others rather respect humanity. Moralities, fairplay, justice as in Manusmriti are equally important in case of journalism. So, we can draw some laws from Manusmriti to regulate the media in a systematic manner.

References

Manavsastra ( Manusmriti). (2058). Kathmandu: Parmartha Prakashan.

Adhikari, N.M. (n.d.). Manusmriti as a Resource for Media Ethics1. Retrieved April 27, 2011, from http://sadharanikaran.com/pdf/manusmritiandmediaethics.pdf

Bharati, S.J. (n.d.). Living the Four Asramas of Life. Retrieved April 28, 2011, from http://www.swamij.com/four-ashrams.htm

KC, S. (06 18, 2010). Media Ethics: A Comparative Study of Eastern and Western Principles. Retrieved April 29, 2011, from http://visitskc.wordpress.com/

Manusmriti. (n.d.). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved April 26, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusmrti

Manusmriti. (n.d.). the hindu universe. Retrieved April 29, 2011, from http://www.hindunet.org/manu_smriti/index.

Manusmriti the laws of Manu. (n.d.). Retrieved 04 28, 2011, from www. hinduwebsite.com: http://www.hinduwebsite.com/sacredscripts/hinduism/dharma/manusmriti.asp

TABLOID JOURNALISM

2010-03-24T20:21:00.000-07:00

Tabloid- The term has been borrowed from compressed drugs, i.e. medicine in tablet form.

A tabloid is an industry term for a smaller newspapers format per spread; to a weekly or semi- weekly alternative newspapers that focuses on local news- stories and entertainment, often distributed free of charge; or a newspaper that tends to sensationalize and emphasize or exaggerate sensational crime stories, gossip columns repeating scandals, deep- personal matters of celebrities and sports stars and even other so called ' junk- food news'.

Tabloid newspaper format is particularly popular in the UK where its page dimension are around 17 by 11 inches. These newspapers are of 5 columns.

Tabloid papers basically carry "look at" materials- many pictures and other illustrations like big bold headlines and mostly it displays advertisements with pictures and big headlines.
"Its quick reading material."

In tabloid journalism, sensationalism is used as a device to capture readers' attention and tries to captivate or persuade the masses with their colors and headlines about wonderful, amazing, shocking news/ stories.
Eg. Death of Princess Diana, OJ Simson Trial.

Today, tabloid journalism is not confined to newspaper or magazines we even have tabloid television and even internet tabloids.

Some national and international tabloid newspapers: Saptahik, Jana Disha, Naya Patrika, The Sun, Times of India etc.

Western Europe: Media System

2009-12-16T01:31:00.000-08:00

Media systems vary throughout the world. Western European media prospers under guarantees of freedom of expression. Western Europe includes the countries like Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

Austria

The Austrian constitution guarantees freedom of press and no state ownership of the media. The most significant economic and political development resulted from Austria's joining the European Union.

Political party ownership of newspapers appeared to be a safe guard against the type of censorship and propaganda which had existed under the Nazis, but the role of parties in the press decline throughout the late twenties.

A high standard of living and a long life expectancy ( Women- 81 years and Men- 75 years ) created a strong market for print media. ¾ of Austrians read a daily paper spending a half hour.

DATA:

Daily- 16

Television stations- 45

Television sets- 4,250,000

Radio stations- 63

Radio receivers- 6,080,000

Individuals using computers- 2,270,000

Individuals using computers with Internet access- 2,100,000

Print media appeared subject to change only through economic concerns, an examination of the membership of organizations such as the Association of Austrian newspapers, the Austrian Press Agency or the board of trustees for journalists training revealed very few women or minorities. Journalism and its leadership appeared to be securely in the hands of the interlocking hierarchies of government, Catholicism and the established business community.

United Kingdom

DATA:

Daily- 104

Circulation- 19,052,000

Non Daily- 467

Circulation- 6,246,000

Television stations- 228

Television sets- 30,500,000

Radio stations- 653

Radio receivers- 84,500,000

Individuals using computers- 20,190,000

Individuals using computers with Internet access- 18,000,000

Newspapers readership had been in long term decline over a 40 years period, but the United Kingdom remained one of the nations with the most avid newspaper read.

The London based national press predominated as Vienna in Austria. As business concerns newspapers were locked in an increasingly and intensely competitive commercial environment as other media competed for the newspapers audience and advertising revenues.

Ownership remained highly concentrated and had become increasingly global. In addition, cross media ownership has become more pronounced in the past generation.

The British press is one of the most free in the world British press remaining largely self regulated.

Belgium

DATA:

Dailies- 28

Circulation – 1,568,000

Television stations- 25

Television sets- 4,720,000

Radio stations- 87

Radio receivers- 8,075,000

Individuals using computers- 3,500,000

Individuals using computers with Internet access- 2,326,000

Belgium's situation as the economic and leadership of the EU also influences the development of its press coverage.

Belgium does not license, license or imprison journalists for their investigative work. Documented cases of censorship and fines are closely monitored.

On one hand Belgium press access is expanding with the daily increase of media outlets on the Internet, on the other the coverage offered in the mainstream newsprint is becoming more streamlined with the media merger between Dutch and Francophone press. Smaller political and social movements find the Internet a friendly option for their ideas and publications as they increasingly find the print media close to online media.

Switzerland

Switzerland's small geographical size and population has a remarkably rich press tradition. It has alone promoted a stable political, social and economic system particularly throughout 20^th century.

DATA:

Dailies- 104

Circulation – 2,666,000

Non Dailies – 124

Circulation – 723,000

Television stations- 115

Television sets- 3,310,000

Radio stations- 119

Radio receivers- 7,100,000

Individuals using computers- 3,600,000

Individuals using computers with Internet access- 2,134,000

Newspapers serve distinct linguistic groups and meet the strong demand from a highly educated, affluent and independent readership that still relies on printed media for information analysis and orientation. Concentration of ownership and newspapers shutdowns is mainly due to economic factors rather than by political considerations.

Freedom of press is taken both literally and figuratively. In contrast to the print media, the Swiss broadcast media has always been under greater control of the federal government, particularly in the areas of financing and licensing.

Expansion of the availability of news and information sources is mainly due to access to electronic media. Even in this case economic factor is responsible for the betterment of online services.

France

Until 1982, radio and television stations were under state monopoly.

DATA:

Dailies- 86

Circulation – 879,900

Television stations- 584

Television sets- 24,800,000

Individuals using computers- 17,920,000

Individuals using computers with Internet access- 8,500,000

The French press was challenged in many ways firstly through economic depression and then by the information revolution. As France struggled to make room for new technologies, it lost the privileged position occupied by the printing press.

Journalists struggled with an increasingly competitive market and a redefinition of their competencies roles and status defending the democracy and the freedom of the press.

Spain

The privatization of media industry is one of the significant trends for the press of Spain. The audiovisual market has overtaken the traditional print media. Three important political events helped shape the press today:

a. The rise of the second republic

b. The Spanish civil war and subsequent triumph of General Francisco Franco.

c.The death of Franco and the transition of democracy.

During fourty years of Franco's dictatorship, the government had all control over all forms of media. Censorship was exercised and dissent was not tolerated. Today, with press freedom there is democracy. The audience for radio news in Spain is greater than that of print media but smaller than that of television.

DATA:

Dailies- 136

Circulation – 4,300,000

Non-dailies – 10

Circulation – 5,827,000

Television stations- 224

Television sets - 16,200,000

Radio stations - 924

Radio receivers – 13,100,000

Individuals using computers - 45,800,000

Individuals using computers with Internet access – 5,388,000

It is estimated that over 90% of the population watches television daily. On average Spaniards watch more than 3 hours of television per day not only at home but also in bars and cafes, and are crazy about football matches.

Communication and Globalization

2009-09-03T23:47:00.000-07:00

Communication is " the exchange of thoughts messages or information as by speech, signals, writings or behaviour ". Communication can be considered as a process or human act or a kind of discipline of knowledge. As process, communication is such system where different entities are engaged in a specific manner. When human get engaged in the process of communication it is human communication. Human beings live in communication as communication is at the heart of human existence.

Communication process involves sharing of information, thoughts, knowledge. communication is not possible without both the parties i.e sender and receiver. There should always be cooperation and understanding between sender and receiver and also should have mutually acceptable code of signals (e.g language). The sender encodes the message and sends it through a channel or medium. The receiver receives the message ,decodes it and understand it. Communication can be verbal and non- verbal and to understand the message easily there should be uniformity between verbal and non- verbal communication. If any conflict occurs between a verbal message and a gesture or facial expression, there is a rather strong tendency to believe the non- verbal communication.

Human are engaged in different levels of communication.Intra- personal, interpersonal, group, organizational, mass communication. Comparing the levels of communication with the society. The components of society is individual, pair, group, combination of various groups and then mass(large number of groups or people).

Mass communication is that branch of communication process which is concerned to communicate large number of people simultaneously.The term mass communication was coined in 1920's.Mass communication is generally identified in the modern mass media.In other words, it is machine assisted.

Mass media is shorter form of mass communication media. The term media is broader, including all forms ranging from inter- personal to mass. Mass media is a means of public communication reaching a large number of audiences. Not all media are those communication vehicles such as newspapers, radio, t.v., film, online etc.which reach mass populations. These are the means that carry massages to mass audiences. Classification of mass media is done according to the technology involved. Mass media is classified in two broad categories: Print media and Electronic media. Print media: books, newspapers, magazines. Electronic media: broadcast media (radio and t.v), film(feature film, ad film, documentary),online. Mass media are for the assistance of human sensory organs. That is why Marshal McLuhan had viewed mass media as the extension of human body.

Media is not bringing the world to us but rather permitting us to experience the world with a scope and depth. Media is connecting us. Media is the important factor to bring people close not physically but communicationally, emotionally from the point of view of information. Mass media is changing due to technology by coverage and coverage has also changed mass media. Due to mass media, humans become able to conquer over space and time.

Globalization is growing global interconnectedness. It represents a social relationship that shows the process of local becoming global. New structure of human society is globalization.

In context to the society,
Single Society/ Community -------- Global community.

In context of communication,
Intra- communication -------- Mass communication of global scale/ Global communication.

In context of mass media,
Local -------- Global.

We should always " Think globally and act locally" which could be very beneficial.

According to the historians, they have identified globalization as a 20th century phenomenon connected to the rise of the western dominated international economy. Some other historians take 16th century Europe as the original source of globalization. There is some argument about globalization between 16th and 20th century however, globalization is the contemporary world order. Mass media have played significant role in bringing the society into the globalization phase. The process of globalization has affected mass media in various ways.

In case of Nepal, the process of globalization started after the restoration of democracy in 1990. The term globalization is understood in Nepal as 'Americanization' or 'Westernization'.

Globalization in the media sector is not just about the technology innovations used to communicate over long distance but it refers to exchange and intermingling of cultures from different parts of the world.

STATE OF FILM INDUSTRY IN NEPAL

2009-06-04T09:04:00.000-07:00

Filmmaking in Nepal started in 1962. In 1974, a board was formed for the development of film industry called as Royal Nepal Film Corporation. Between the year 1964-1971 three propaganda films were produced. In 1990, there was a political drastic change. Within 3 years of time, 150 films were made. Distribution were increased. Market shares reached to its peak. Cinema halls were increased. Post 1990, film industry expanded. If before 1990 1-10 films were made per year the number of films were 50 per year in post 1990’s.
The first ever film made in Nepal was a documentary during the period of king Mahendra ( Panchayat System ). King Mahendra invited Hari Singh Khatri from bollywood. He made a documentary about 42nd birthday of His Majesty King. The film in Nepali language was made from India in 1950. It was named Satya Harischand and directed by D.B Pariyar. The first nepali film from Nepal was “Aama”. No matter the films in Nepal had flourished since the Panchayat rule, its present condition is no satisfactory. It faces so many problems. Time and again voices are raised against the state of film industry of Nepal. The main problem stands in the quality of films. The films are of very low quality and even the cine environment is less satisfactory. There is a lack of modern technology, sound systems and cinema scopes technique make poor quality. Using 16mm format and blowing it up later to 35mm for public viewing reduces the quality of projection image. The quantity has fallen to ground. The problem stands not only in the films but also in the cinema halls. Cinema halls only screen hindi movies as it is profitable. The number of films produced is 10-15 per year. There is no print rental system in Nepal. Prints for hindi movies are priced according to the actors and the pre-release hype, and cost and average of Rs. 50,000 per week. With the rise of pirated movies and the spread of cable TV, people watch new movies at home. Hall owners never really cared about Nepali films. They are just after money. At present, there are hundreds of cinema halls. Out of them 11 are permanent, 38 are temporary and the rest are mobile. Producers are losing money and some are bankrupt. The showcase of intimate scenes seems to be pathetic. At times, it looks more like comedy. The discomfort between the actors and actresses can be easily predicted. The question arises if the priority should be given to length, format or story. The film board comments that format is important but viewer wants story more than the format. Hence, there is a dilemma between the format and the story.
Some of the good movies listed in the history of film industry are Satya Harishchand, Maitighar, Prempinda, Numafung, Mukundo, Sano Sansar and so on.
Good films collected an average of 18-20 lacs and super hit ones collected even 80-90 lacs then but now it hardly collects 3 lacs from valley. The concern is the quantity of films. The number of films released has decreased. The lack of films and songs has affected FM radios also. FM’s have started playing five songs out of 10 in chartbusters. The number of films registered had fallen too. The industry has been incurring a loss for the last three years. The maximum profit a film can generate is upto Rs. 10,000,000.
In order to strengthen all aspects of the industry government had created a body Film Development Board on 30th June, 2000. It is responsible for managing its expenses and investment from the collection of development tax, which is included in the price of movie tickets. The government exempts Nepali cinema from the development tax which is only collected from foreign language films.

CHANGUNARAYAN TEMPLE

2009-06-04T08:34:00.000-07:00

A mandap style hindu temple,which came into existence in fourth century, is dedicated to Lord Vishnu in his incarnation as "Narayan".The temple is adore by some of the best specimen of stone,wood and metal craft in the valley.The temple stands as the epitome of culture,religion,history and the faith of the Kathmandu valley.Changunarayan was named as 'Dolashikhar Swami" during Lichhavi period.However,it was later renamed as "Changunarayan"in Malla period.Inside the Changunarayan temple is a esteemed figure of Garuda. The statue is offered sweets by the devotees every year on Nag Panchami. This is done in remembrance of the epic struggle with the great snake Taksaka. The drops of moisture, believed to be effective against diseases such as leprosy and ulcers, are collected by the priests.Statues of King Bhupalendra Malla of Kathmandu and his mother can also be seen in a shrine. To the north of the temple is a sculpture of Lord Vishnu seated on Garuda (Garudasana Vishnu). This image appears on the Nepalese 10 rupee note. Vishnu sculpture dates back to 9th century.

It is said that in the past the land where Changunarayan temple stands were full of Chaanp trees. Many cowboys and Brahmins resided in that Chaanp forest. The cowboys reared cattle owned by the Brahmins. Everyday those cowboys visited Brahmins with the milk but suddenly the stopped bringing milk to Brahmins and so the Brahmin tried to inspect on the situation so he went to the place where now Changunarayan temple stands. I is said that there was a Chaanp tree on the spot and suddenly that Brahmin saw a black man appear and suck up all the milk from the cow. Brahmin furiously cut off the black man’s head which caused it to appear with four limbs in the form of Changunarayan. Brahmin got scared and was ready to commit himself for his mistake. And then God Vishnu convinced that it wasn’t his mistake. He then explained to him that many years ago fight took place between god and devils. There was a Brahmin named Sumati who fought from the devil’s side, was killed. For this, Vishnu was wised. His curse was relieved only when a generation from Sumati cuts off his head. And so, he attempted this. He then settled there as Changunarayan who was only worshipped by a Brahmin.
At present, it is believed that only a generation from that Brahmin family can worship and this is still in practice.

The main Jatra of this temple is celebrated in the month of Baisakh however we had been hearing wrong that the Jatra takes place during the month of Magh. This is the rare temple found in Nepal where both Hindus and Buddhists alike offer their reverences. Asadh Sukla Ekadasi, Krisna Janmaastami and Haribodhani Ekadasi are some of the important events observed here every year in which a great number of devotees pour here from far and wide places take active participation on them by offering worship to the Lord. This tradition has been continuing since very long. Twice in every year, the main idol of the temple is taken to the Hanuman Dhoka Royal Palace of Kathmandu in August-September and December and January respectively in order to follow an age long tradition.

RADIO NEPAL

2009-06-04T08:29:00.000-07:00

Radio Nepal was established on 1 April 1951. Initially the transmission covered a duration of 4.5 hours through a 250 watt transmitter. Over the years, Radio Nepal has strengthened its institutional capacity and diversified itself in terms of programme format, technical efficiency and nationwide coverage. Radio Nepal airs programmes on Short Wave as well as Medium Wave frequencies. Radio Nepal transmits 15 hours everyday, which includes 2 hours of regional broadcasts 0930 hrs to 1100 hrs in the morning and 1805 hrs to 1830 hrs in the evening. However on public holidays, there is an additional 2 hours, extending the total duration to 17 hours. A FM-Channel covering Kathmandu valley and adjoining areas was started in 1995.Radio Nepal has its own studios for programme production, music recording, talk shows and news broadcasts. A music library at its premises in Singh Durbar has a collection of about 15,000 songs. Foreign broadcasting Stations also make use of our Studio facilities and transmitters for live and other broadcasts on a rental basis.The Broadcasting Headquarters at Singha Durbar in Kathmandu has two broad casting houses consisting of one drama studio, two music studios, one reporting studio, three continuity studios, the news studio, seven programme production studios. One of the music studios is equipped with sophisticated 24 track recording facility.Different regional programs for audience are broadcasted through regional stations from 9:45am-11:00am and 6:00pm-8:30pm everyday. Excluding the regional programmes transmission period National programmes is broadcasted for a duration of about 16 hours everyday. The educational programs on religion, literature, science and technology, agriculture, distance learning, women , health and sanitation, public health etc are also broadcasted. Various entertaining programmes like Nepali songs, Hindi songs and Gazals, Radio dramas, songs in the different National language etc are also broadcasted. Informational programmes like News, Radio reports, Presss reviews, Development programmes etc are provided through Radio Nepal.

HARI MANJUSHREE

2009-06-04T08:17:00.000-07:00

Hari Manjushree has made a everlasting contributions in the field of Nepali language and Nepali literature. He had also made many contributions for the development of Nepali literature by creating different interesting poems, novels and also introducing a simple ans attractive Nepali Grammatical rules. Hari Manjushree has always tried to explicate a tangible picture of the society. He has also been a journalist and has worked in many media organizations. A Kavre resident,Hari Manjushree has made Kavre proud by publishing many qualitative books.

In the occasion of New year2066 Red cross has launched a solo book exibition where Dr.Sureshraj Sharma vice chancellor of Kathmandu University, was the chief guest. In the program,many other literary figures like Mohan Duwal, T.P Sharma, Narendra Raj Jung open heartedly praised Hari Manjushree for his great contribution in Nepali literature. The Chief Guest of the ceremony Dr Suresh Raj Sharma gave certificate to Hari Manjushree and also praised Hari Manjushree for his memorable works in literary field of Nepal.

Visit To Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya

2009-05-30T10:52:00.000-07:00

It was our first field visit on 15th April,09 to Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya which is situated in Lalitpur. It was established in 1953 B.S. and the present chairman of this organization is Kamal Mani Dixit. The main aim of this library is conservation, preservation and digitization.
According to the old records this library contains 26845 books. Collection of newspapers are also in a huge amount. Around 5125 newspapers can easily be obtained in this library. We can even get the newspaper- 'Gorkhapatra' from its 1st edition.
This library have around 15000 old pictures that talks about history of Nepal. Among which 7000 pictures are already digitised and placed in the net. We can even find 35000 pictures that are placed in different sections according to the areas related.
According to the informant, who showed us the library and provided us with lots of information, the library had the books that were printed in Benaras as at that time Nepal had no printing machines. Though we cannot find the old newspapers and even the proof about the time they were printed but with the help of books we get the information about the date or time they had been printed. Before, at the end or at the beginning of the book ads about the newspapers were given.
Visit to Madan Puraskas Library was very benificial we got to learn many new things and saw how micro film works and it has lots of book which could be very benifitial to gain and get informations.

2009-04-22T00:24:00.001-07:00

छापाखाना तथा प्रकाशनसम्बन्धी ऐन २०४८

नेपालको संविधानमा प्रेस स्वतन्तता
२०६२÷६३ सालमा भएको जनआन्दोलनको सफलता पश्चात २०६३ साल फागुन १ गते प्रतिनिधिसभाद्वारा सर्वसम्मतिबाट पारित गरी नेपालको अन्तरिम संविधान २०६३ जारी भयो । उक्त संविधानको भाग ३ ले अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रतासहितका मौलिक हकको प्रत्याभूति गरेको छ । धारा १२ ३ क। ले प्रत्येक नागरिकलाई विचार तथा अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताको अधिकार प्रदान गरेको छ । त्यसैगरी धारा १५ मा मौलिक हक अन्तर्गत प्रकाशन प्रसारण तथा छापा लगायतका अन्य जनुसुकै माध्यमबाट कुनै समाचार सम्पादकीय लेख रचना वा अन्य कुनै पाठ्य श्रव्यदृश्य सामग्रीको प्रकाशन प्रसारण गर्न छाप्नुपूर्व प्रतिबन्ध लगाइने छैन । सो संविधानको धारा २७ मा सूचनाको हकसम्बन्धी व्यवस्था गरिएको छ । यो संविधानले पनि छापाखाना तथा प्रकाशन सम्बन्धी ऐन २०४८ लाई अङ्किार गरेको छ ।

छापाखाना तथा प्रकाशन सम्बन्धी ऐन २०२८
नेपाल अधिराज्यको संविधान २०४७ को धारा १२९ बमोजिम मन्त्रिपरिषद्को सल्लाह र सम्मतिबाट बनाइएको ुछापाखाना र प्रकाशन सम्बन्धी ऐन २०४८ु लाई नै अन्तरिम संविधानले पनि लागू गरेको छ । यसमा ७ वटा परिच्छेद र ४१ वटा दफा रहेका छन् । वि।सं। २०५६ सालमा यो ऐन पहिलो पटक संशोधित भएको थियो ।
उद्देश्यहरु ः
ड्डविभिन्न वर्ग र क्षेत्रका जनताबीच सुसम्बन्ध सदाचार शिष्टाचार एवं नैतिकता राख्ने ।
ड्डदेशको पत्रकारिता क्षेत्रले अभिव्यक्तिको स्वतन्त्रतालाई मर्यादित एवं जिम्मेवारीपूर्ण तवरले स्वतन्त्र र निर्भिक भई उपभोग गर्न सक्ने वातावरण सृजना गर्न ।
ड्डछापाखाना र प्रकाशनका सम्बन्धमा समयानुकुल कानुनी व्यवस्था गर्न ।

परिच्छेद १मा उक्त ऐनको दफा १मा संक्षिप्त नाम र प्रारम्भ र दफा २ मा छापाखाना प्रकाशन किताब समाचार जस्ता शब्दहरुको परिभाषा दिइएको छ ।
परिच्छेद २ मा छापाखाना सम्बन्धी व्यवस्था छ । यस अन्तर्गत दफा ३ मा छापाखाना दर्ता गर्नुपर्ने प्रावधान छ भने दफा ४ अन्तर्गत छापाखाना बन्द वा जफत नगरिने भन्ने शीर्षकमा दफा ३ बमोजिम दर्ता भएको छापाखानाले समाचार लेख वा अन्य पाठ्यसामग्री मुद्रण गरेवापत त्यस्तो छापाखाना बन्द वा जपत गरिने छैन भन्ने उल्लेख छ ।
त्यसैगरी परिच्छेद ३ मा किताबसम्बन्धी व्यवस्था छ । दफा ५ मा ुकिताब दर्ता गर्नेु दफा ६ मा ुकिताबमा उल्लेख गर्नुपर्ने कुराहरु छन् ।
त्यसैगरी परिच्छेद ४ को दफा ७ मा पत्रपत्रिका दर्ता गर्नुपर्ने प्रावधान उल्लेख छ । यसमा ११ उपदफा छन् । दफा ८ मा पत्रपत्रिकाको स्वामित्व हस्तान्तरसण दफा ९ मा पत्रपत्रिकामा उल्लेख गर्नुपर्ने कुरा दफा ९ को क मा पत्रपत्रिकाको न्यूनतम आकार र पृष्ठ संख्या बारे उल्लेख छ । दफा १० मा पत्रपत्रिका प्रकाशन सम्बन्धी प्रावधान छ । दफा ११ मा प्रकाशन बन्द गरेको सूचना दिनुपर्ने दफा १२ मा पूर्व प्रतिबन्ध नलगाइने दफा १३ मा पत्रपत्रिका दर्ता खारेज नगरिने दफा १४ मा प्रकाशनमा प्रतिबन्ध दफा १५ मा प्रकाशनमा निषेध दफा १६ मा विदेशी प्रकाशनको पैठारीमा नियन्त्रण दफा १७ मा प्रतिबन्धित प्रकाशन वा निषेधित प्रकाशन निकासी बिक्री वितरण आदि गर्न नहुने उल्लेख छ ।

दफा १८ पहिलो संशोधन २०५६ द्वारा खारेज भएको छ ।

परिच्छेद ५ मा प्रेस रजिष्ट्रार प्रेस प्रतिनिधि तथा स्वतन्त्र पत्रकारसम्बन्धी व्यवस्था छ । दफा १९ मा प्रेस रजिस्ट्रार २० मा प्रेस प्रतिनिधिसम्बन्धी व्यवस्था छ ।
परिच्छेद ६ मा दण्ड सजायको व्यवस्था छ । दफा २१ मा प्रमाणपत्र नलिई छापाखाना साचालन गरेमा २२ मा झुटा विवरण दिएमा २३ किताब नबुझाएमा २४ मा उल्लेख गर्नुपर्ने कुरा उल्लेख नगरेमा दफा २६ मा अनधिकृत तवरले प्रकाशन प्रकाशित गर्ने दफा २७ प्रतिबन्धित प्रकाशन वा निषेधित प्रकाशन प्रकाशित गरेमा विभिन्न दण्ड सजाय गरिने उल्लेख छ ।

2009-04-21T23:56:00.000-07:00

जीर्ण अवस्थामा चाँगुनारायण
नेपालको ऐतिहासिक महत्व बोकेको साँस्कृतिक धरोहर चाँगुनारायण मन्दिरको अवस्था अत्यन्तै नाजुक बन्दै गएको छ । मन्दिर परिसरमा आवश्यक सरसफाई हुन नसक्दा यहाँको सौन्दर्य मात्र घटेको छैन प्रदुषण समेत बढिरहेको छ । यस्तो जीर्ण अवस्थामा रहेको यो मन्दिरको समयमै उचित व्यवस्थापन तथा जीणोद्धार गर्न नसके नेपालीहरुले आफ्नो ऐतिहासिक महत्वको विश्व सम्पदालाई गुमाउनुपर्ने यथार्थ स्थानीयबासीहरु पस्कन्छन् ।

जनयुद्ध र नेपाली सञ्चार माध्यम

2009-04-21T23:44:00.000-07:00

नबिला बानु/चन्डिराज दाहाल

विश्व परिवेशमा पत्रकारको हत्या :

बितेको एक दशक विश्वमा पत्रकार र तिनका सहयोगी गरी ११ सयभन्दाबढीको हत्या भएको छ । खास गरी सन्‍ २००३ यता पत्रकारहरु मारिनेत्रmम ह्वात्तै बढेको छ । इन्टरनेसनल न्युज सेफ्टी इन्स्िटच्युटलेप्रकाशित गरेको पत्रकारको सुरसासम्बन्धी पहिलो विस्त ृतसभर्ेअनुसार पछिल्ला दस बर्समा प्रत्येक हप्ता दुर्इ जना पत्रकारमारिए । इन्स्िटच्युटले सार्वजनिक गरेको उत्तm तथ्यांकअनुसार सन्‍ २००६ मा १ सय ६७ पत्रकारमारिए । सन्‍ २००५ मा यो संख्या १ सय ४९ थियो भने सन्‍ २००४ मा १ सय ३१ जना पत्रकार मारिएकाथिए । सन्‍ २००३ मा ९४, सन्‍ २००२ मा ७० र सन्‍ २००१ मा १ सय ३ पत्रकार मारिएका थिए । यीमध्येधेरैजसो पत्रकारको हत्या समाचार संकलनका त्रmममा नभर्इ नियोजित ढंले योजनाबद्ध रुपमागरिएको पाइन्छ । अन्तर्राष्टि्रय पत्रकार महासंघ (आर्इएफजे)का अनुसार पत्रकार हत्यामा संलग्नहुनेमा राजनीतिक उद्देश्यले प्रेरित समूह र सङ्गठित गिरोह बढी रहेको पाइन्छ ।
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नेपालमा पत्रकार हत्याको तस्बिर :

विश्वको सन्दर्भलार्इ छाडेर नेपालकै अवस्थालार्इ केलाउन थालौं ।पत्रकार हत्याको तस्बिर यहाँकोपनि उत्तकिै कहालीलाग्दो पाइन्छ । समाचार लेखेकै कारन पत्रकारलार्इ सताउने, आस्थाकै आधारमाबन्दी बनाउने या सत्ताको आलोचना गरेकै आधारमा धम्क्याउने त्रmम नयाँ होइन । पत्रकारिताकोसुरुवातसँगै यो त्रmम चलेको छ । पञ्चायतकाल प्रेसमाथि दमनको दर्दनाक इतिहास हो । राज्यकाआडमा गोलीकान्डको घटना पनि त्यसैबेला भयो । त्यसअघि र पछिका पनि त्यस्ता थुप्रै घटना दर्ताभएका छन्‍ ।जनयुद्ध र नेपाली प्रेसमाओवादी आन्दोलनको प्रत्यस प्रभाव काठमाडौंजस्ता शहरी सेत्रमा रसम्पन्न वर्गमा सुरुका बर्सहरुमा ज्यादै न्यून देखियो । सुरुका बर्सहरुमाजनयुद्ध 'कथित' मै सीमित रह्यो । तर, विस्तारै साथीभाइ र आफन्त तथाचिनेजानेका मानिसहरु मारिन थालेपछि नेपाली प्रेस एकाएक उदार देखिनथालेको थियो । पछि 'कथित', 'भूमिगत' जस्ता शब्द हटाएर 'माओवादी' लेख्नथालियो । माओवादी सवालमा भने प्रेस अलि खुम्चको थियो । जस्तै एउटाघटना :माओवादीले बाटो ढुकेर लुटपाट गरेको भन्दै देशान्तरले त्यस्तोआन्दोलनको आैचित्य नहुने समाचार लेखेको थियो । पछि एकअन्तर्वार्तामा डा. बाबुराम भट्टरार्इले देशान्तरका सम्पादकलार्इ खाल्डोमाहाल्नुपर्छ भन्ने अभिव्यत्तmि दिए । उत्तm अभिव्यत्तmिले नेपाली प्रेस माओवादीबाट प्रत्यस मारमापरेको थियो ।

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जनयुद्धमा पत्रकार(हत्या :

पत्रकार(हत्याको भयानक श्र ृंखला भने नेकपा (माओवादी)ले २०५२ फागुन १ गते सुरु गरेकोजनयुद्धले मुलुक जनयुद्धको चपेटामा परेपछि अत्याधिक बढेको पाइन्छ । त्यसमा पनि तत्कालीनसरकारले २०५८ मंङि्सर ११ गते संकटकाल घोसना गरी माओवादीविरुद्ध सेना परिचालन गर्न थालेपछिपत्रकारको हत्या अधिक भएको पाइन्छ ।बितेको दशकमा जनयुद्धकै कारन राज्य वा विद्रोही पसकागोलीबाट मारिएका पत्रकारको संख्या दुर्इ दर्जन नाघको छ । संख्यात्मक आधारमा हेर्दा राज्य रविद्रोही दुवै पस पत्रकार हत्यामा भmन्डैभmन्डै प्रतिस्पर्धामा रहेको देखिन्छ । थोरैले राज्यलेमाओवादीलार्इ उछिनेको छ । पत्रकार क ृष्न सेनलार्इ पत्रmाउ गरी थुनामा राखिएकै अवस्थामा२०५९ सालमा राज्य पसबाट हत्या गरियो । त्यसैगरी पत्रकारहरु देवकुमार आचार्य, कञ्चन पि्रयदर्शी, कमल एसी, राजकुमार केसी, कुमार घिमिरे, विनोद चौधरी, नगेन्द्र पोखरल, पद्यराज देवकोटा, बद्रीखड्का आदिको राज्यपसबाटै हत्या भएको थियो । åन्åकालमा राज्यपसबाट अपहरन वा थुनामा हत्यागनर्े प्रव ृत्त िअधिक रहेको देखिन्छ । यसरी हेर्दा मानवताविरुद्ध अपराधमा मुद्दा चलाउन सकिनेअवस्थाबाट कुनै पनि पस टाढा छैन ।
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जनयुद्धमा (२०५२ देखि २०६३ सालसम्म) मारिनेहरुको संख्या :

राज्य पसबाट ८,३७७
माओवादी पसबाट ४,९७०
जम्मा १३,३४७
मारिएका पत्रकारहरु :
राज्य पसबाट ११ (दुइ जना फोटोग्राफरसहित)
माओवादी पसबाट ७ (तीन जना फोटोग्राफरसहित)

संकटमा नेपाली प्रेस :

२०५८ सालमा नारायनहिटी हत्या कान्ड भएपछि नेपालमा पत्रकारिता पेसा निकै जोखिमपूर्न हुन गयो। जोखिम मोल्न नचाहेर अधिकांश पत्रिकाहरु राजदरबारले र पश्चिमेली सञ्चारमाध्यमले जे हल्लाफिँजाए त्यही नै आँखा चिम्लेर जस्ताको तस्तै प्रकाशित गर्दथे । सोही बर्स मंसिरमा पहिलोशान्तिवार्ताको विफलतासँगै नेकपा माओवादीले दाङको व्यारेकमा आत्रmमन गरेपश्चात देशमासंकटकालीन स्थितिको घोसना भयो । सेना परिचालन प्रारम्भ भयो र भीसन ग ृहयुद्ध सुरु भयो ।योसँगसँगै जिल्लाजिल्लामा नागरिक प्रशासनको अन्त्य हुन थाल्यो । वित्रिmकै भरमा टिक्ने कतिपयपत्रिकाले ठूलै सास्ती खेप्नुपर्यो । त्यसपछि प्रकाशक सम्पादकहरुले आफैंले आफैंलार्इ सेन्सरसीपलागू गनर्ुपनर्े अवस्था आयो ।निर्वाचित प्रधानमन्त्री शेरबहादुर देउवालार्इ २०५९ साल असोजमाअपदस्थ गरी ज्ञानेन्द्रले सत्ता आफ्नो हातमा लिएपछि जनयुद्ध भीसन रुपले चर्कियो । त्यसपछिआलोचनात्मक धार निर्वाह गर्दै åन्åको तथ्यसम्मत रिपोटिङ गनर्ु सबैभन्दा गाह्रो र चुनौतीपूर्न कामथियो । यद्यपि सत्यतथ्य सूचना संकलनमा मरिमेट्ने पत्रकारहरु सधैं जनताप्रति उत्तरदायी भएर अघिबढे । सही ढंगले आफ्नो व्यवसायलार्इ जोड दिँदै पत्रकारिता पेसाप्रति समर्पित सञ्चारकर्मीहरुले यस्तोनीति अपनाएका थिए ।·
कुनै को पनि समर्थन नलिने, सत्य र मानवीयताको पसमा उभिने ।·
दुवै पसका कुरा अगाडि सारिदिने, फैसला गनर् निर्नय पाठकलार्इ सुम्पने ।·एउटामात्र स्रोतमा विश्वासनगनर्े, भरपर्दो र स्वतन्त्र स्रोत उद ृत गर्दै संकलित सूचनालार्इ त्रmसचेक गनर्े ।
åन्å पत्रकारिताको अनुभवजनयुद्धले आत्रmान्त १२ बर्स अब इतिकास बनेको छ । तर, नेपालीभूमिमा भएको यो विद्रोहको प्रभाव दीर्घकालसम्म रहिरहनेछ । युद्ध उत्कस ृमा पुग्दा यसले मानवीयसंवेदनाको पाटोलार्इ बिर्साएको थियो । आफन्तबाहेक अरुको म ृत्युको खबर सुन्दा सामान्य लाग्नथालिसकेको थियो । म ृत्युको सन्देश बोकेर जनताका घरघरमा पुग्ने सञ्चारमाध्यमहरु युद्धकोदैनिकी पस्किरहेका हुन्थे । युद्ध पत्रकारिताको अभ्यास प्राय ग ृहयुद्ध भएका मुलुकहरुमा हुँदै आएकोपाइन्छ । नेपालमा २०५२ सालमा नेकपा माओवादीले आैपचारिक रुपमा युद्ध घोसना गरेपछि नेपालीपत्रकारहरुको पनि युद्ध पत्रकारितासँग परिचय भयो । विदेशी टेलिभिजन च्यानलहरुमा युद्धका द ृश्यहेरेर भmस्कने नेपाली सञ्चारकर्मीहरु आफैं त्यस्ता द ृश्य क्यामारामा कैद गर्न थाले । युद्धको मोर्चामागएर गोलीका पर्रा छल्दै, बमका छर्राबाट जोगिँदै समाचार संकलन गर्न बाध्य भए । यसरी उनीहरुलेपत्रकारितामा एउटा नौलो अभ्यास गनर्े मौका भने पाए । तर, युद्धले सञ्चारजगतमा पुर्याएकोअपूरनीय सतिले भने प्रत्येक सञ्चारकर्मीलार्इ अभmै पनि त्रसित तुल्याएको छ । अभmै पनिपत्रकार हत्याका घटना पूर्न रुपमा रोकिएको अवस्था छैन । युद्ध पत्रकारिता पूर्नत: स्वतन्त्र कहीं पनिछैन । त्यसैले कुनै एक पससँग निकट नभए युद्ध पत्रकारिता गर्न सकिँदैन । सूचना संकलनका लागि योआवश्यक नै ठानिन्छ । त्यसो त नेपालको ग्रामीन सेत्रमा रहेर युद्ध पत्रकारिता गनर्े पत्रकारहरुलेआफ्नो छुट्टै कोड भासाको पनि विकास गनर्े गर्दथे । जस्तै गोपनीयता कायम गर्न : पहाडी जिल्लामापे्रसलार्इ 'घट्ट' कागजलार्इ पिठो, डेक्स्टप कम्प्युटरलार्इ डोकोटप र ल्याप्टपलार्इ काखीच्यापभनेर नामाकरन गरेको सन्दर्भले नेपाली प्रेस कति नाजुक अवस्थाबाट अगाडि बढिरहेको थियो भन्नेप्रष्ट हुन्छ ।
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कलमविरुद्ध बन्दुक :

राष्टि्रय समाचार समितिका सिन्धुपाल्चोक संवाददाता ज्ञानेन्द्र खड्कालार्इ माओवादीले उनकैश्रीमतीको अगाडि घाँटी रेटेर हत्या गरे । २०६० साल भदौको घटनामा माओवादी छापामारलेज्ञानेन्द्रलार्इ सरकारी गुप्तचरको आरोप लगार्इ हत्या गरेका थिए । पत्रकार क ृष्नसेन जनयुद्धकापसधर थिए । राज्यविरुद्ध गतिबिधि गरेको आरोपमा उनी समातिए र लामो काराबासमा बस्न बाध्यबनाइए । नेपाल पत्रकार महासंघको दबाबमुलक प्रयासमा उनी छुटे । तर, उनलार्इ फेरि समातियो रराजधानीको महेन्द्र पुलिस क्लबमा थुनियो । लामो अन्योलपछि थाहा भयो ( चरम यातना दिर्इ उनकोहत्या गरियो ।åन्åका त्रmममा नेपाली प्रेसले खेप्नुपरेका यी दुर्इ चरम उदाहरन हुन्‍ । आस्था र विचारशिरोपर गरेकै कारन हालसम्म ३६ जनाभन्दा बढी सञ्चारकर्मीले जीवन समर्पन गनर्ुपरेको इतिहासनेपाली सञ्चारजगतले बोकेको छ । आफ्नो पसमा फाइदा पुगे त्यसको बढी सराहना गनर्े र फाइदानपुगे हत्यासम्म गर्न पछि नपनर्े प्रव ृत्त िदुवै पसमा देखिन्छ । हत्याको जिम्मेवारी लिने रगल्तीबोध गनर्े सन्दर्भमा दुवै पस निकै कमजोर देखिएका छन्‍ । कुनै कुनै घटनामा भने माओवादीअध्यस प्रचन्डले गल्तीबोध गर्दै समायाचना गरेका थिए तर राज्यपसबाट भने त्यतिसम्म पनिगरिएको पाइएन ।
माओवादी पसबाट जनयुद्धका समयमा मारिएका सञ्चारकर्मीहरु : ·ज्ञानेन्द्र खड्का, सिन्धुपाल्चोक(२०६० भदौ २१ गते ३:३० बजे सिउँसो घाँटी रेटेर ।·
डेकेन्द्रराज थापा, दैलेख(२०६१ साउन, कब्जामा लिर्इ मारेको ।·
खगेन्द्र श्रेष्ठ, धरान २०६१ चैत दिउँसो १ बजे(माओवादीको गोली प्रहारबाट ।·गोपाल गिरी, २०६० माघ १गोली प्रहार(५ लाख चन्दा माग्दा नदिएको भन्दै । पहिले पत्रकारिता गरेका उनी बीरगञ्जउपमहानगरपालिकाका मेयर थिए । वार्तामा बोलार्इ गोली हानी मारिएको ।·
अम्बिका तिमल्सिना, २०५९ मंसिर २५ प्रहरीले थुनेको, सुराकीका आधारमा माओवादीले हत्या गरेको।·
धनबहादुर रोका मगर, रोल्पा, २०५९ माघ १६·
नवराज शर्मा 'बसन्त' कालिकोट, २०५९ बैशाख १९, कर्नालीमा पत्रिका प्रकाशित गर्न पहिलोसञ्चारकर्मी, विद्युत नभएकाले सुखर्ेतबाट 'कदम' साप्ताहि, २०५८ सालमा अपहरन गरिएको, मुत्तm भएपछि सरकारले कब्जामा लियो । फेरि पछि माओवादी अपहरनमा परे । हातखुट्टा काटी छातिमागोली हानी माओवादीले हत्या गरेको ।
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सरकार पसबाट जनयुद्धका समयमा मारिएका सञ्चारकर्मीहरु :·

क ृष्नसेन इच्छुक, जनादेशका सम्पादक, २०५९ जेठ १३ । त्रmान्तिकारी मिसन पत्रकारिता गर्दथे ।·
पदमराज देवकोटा, जुम्ला, २०६० पुस । कब्जामा लिर्इ, छोड्ने त्रmममा पछाडिबाट गोली प्रहार ।·
देवकुमार आचार्य, २०५९ साउन ८, भmापा सेनाको कब्जामा रहेपछि म ृत अवस्थामा भेटिएको ।·
राजकुमार केसी, २०५९ कात्तकि ७ रामेछाप, सैनिकको गोली प्रहारबाट म ृत्यु ।·
कञ्चन पि्रयदर्शी, सिन्धुपाल्चोक, २०५९ बैशाख १६ सेनाको गोली प्रहारबाट म ृत्यु ।·
कमल एसी, २०५९ बैशाख १६ नुवाको ।·
कुमार घिमिरे २०५९ असोज १४ धनगढी, बाटैमा हत्या गरिएको ।·
बद्री खड्का, र्इश्वर ढुङ्गाना, थमन परियार, चिनबहादुर बुढा (भिडन्त)
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सञ्चारमाध्यममाथि भएका आत्रmमनहरु :

संकटकाल सुरु हुनुअघि नै केही पत्रकारहरुलार्इ प्रशासनीक तनाव वा यातना दिइने त्रmम सामान्यजस्तै बनेको थियो । संकटकाल सुरुभएपछि त्यो त्रmम भmन्भmन्‍ बढ्यो र त्यसअवधिमा १ सय६०भन्दा बढी पत्रकारलार्इ बन्दी बनाइयो । सन्‍ २००३ जनवरी २९मा माओवादीले युद्धविराम घोसनागरेपछि पनि केहीलार्इ प्रहरी वा सेनाको नियन्त्रनमा वा जेलमा राखियो । संकटकालकै अवधिभरमा ९जना पत्रकारहरु राज्यपसबाट मारिए । पूर्वसूचना वा कुनै कारनविना नै पत्रकाहरुलार्इ बन्दीबनाइन्थ्यो । यस्तै त्रmममा संकटकालमा मात्रै राज्यले बन्दी बनाएका पत्रकाहरुको संख्या ६९ पुगेकोथियो । उता जनताकै लागि लडेको भन्ने माओवादीले पनि सञ्चारकर्मीलार्इ कम सताएनन्‍ ।संकटकाल घोसना भएपछि भm्न चर्किएको जनयुद्धका त्रmममा माओवादीले ३ जना पत्रकारकोअपहरन गरे । धेरै पत्रकारलार्इ दुव्र्यवहार गनर्े र धम्क्याउने जस्ता कार्य गरे । काठमाडौंबाटप्रकाशित हुने जनदिशा साप्ताहिक, जनादेश दैनिक, दिशाबोध मासिक, महिमा साप्ताहिक र एेक्वबद्धतामासिकका सम्पादक प्रकाशकलार्इ बन्दी बनाइँदा प्रकाशन नै बन्द गनर्ुपनर्े स्थिति आयो ।काठमाडौं बाहिरका पत्रपत्रिका तथा एफएम रेडियोहरुले त त्यसपछिको समयमा निकै कष्टकर भएकोमहसुस गरे । मोफसलका पत्रिकाहरु जस्तै चुरेसन्देश, सुखर्ेतपोष्ट, द म्यासेन्जर लगायत जिल्लाबाटप्रकाशित हुने धेरै पत्रपत्रिकाहरु बन्द भए । यीमध्ये धेरै धम्कीकै कारन बन्द गरिए । त्यत्तमिात्र नभर्इप्रहरीले कम्प्युटर, छापाखानाका सामग्रीहरु क्यामारा, फोनसेट, रेकर्डर जस्ता सामान जफत गर्यो ।काठमाडौं पोष्टको सन्‍ २००८ नोभेम्बर २१को अंक जफत गरियो । विशेसगरी रेडियोलार्इ नियन्त्रन गर्नराज्यले गरेका विभिन्न हस्तसेपले स्वतन्त्र रेडियोमाथि आत्रmमन भयो । सन्‍ २००५ अक्टोबर २१तारिखका दिन राति ११:१० मा सशस्त्र प्रहरीहरु साथ लिर्इ दुर्इ सरकारी कर्मचारी कान्तिपुर एफएमकोकार्यालयमा प्रवेश गरे र काठमाडौं स्टेसनलार्इ भेडेटार र धनकुटासँग जोड्ने आठ सेट उपकरनहरुकब्जामा लिए । प्रतिकारमा उत्रेका कर्मचारीहरुमाथि दुव्र्यवहार गर्दै उनीहरुले गरेको ठाडो हस्तसेपनेपाली सञ्चारसेत्रकै लागि ठूलो चुनौती थियो । उपलब्ध प्रमान र कागजातका आधारमा इन्सेक, पत्रकार महासंघ लगायतले शाही सरकारले कान्तिपुर एफएममाथि गरेको उत्तm हस्तसेपलार्इअबैधानिक कार्य भनी विरोध गरेका थिए । त्यसैगरी सन्‍ २००५ नोभेम्बर २७ तारिखका दिन राति ९:१३बजे ३५(४० जना सशस्त्र प्रहरीका साथमा गएका एक सरकारी कर्मचारीले सगरमाथा एफएमकोकार्यालयमा प्रवेश गरी प्रसारन उपकरनहरु लिएर गए । पत्रकारसहित पाँच जना कर्मचारीलार्इ थुनेरउनीहरुले बीबीसी सेवाले प्रदान गरेको एक सेट रिसिभर समेत लिएर गए र बलपूर्वक एफएम बन्द गराए।
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निष्कर्स :

२०४७ सालको संविधानले प्रेसलार्इ दिएको स्वतन्त्रता एसियाकै लागि नमुना मानिन्छ । तर, व्यवहारमा भने नेपाली प्रेसले स्वतन्त्रताको अनुभव गर्न पाएन । प्रजातन्त्र पुर्नस्थापनाको केही बर्समैजनयुद्ध सुरु भएपछि नेपाली सञ्चारमाध्यमहरु åन्åको प्रत्यस मारमा परे । विग्रँदो राजनीतिका कारनदेशमा संकटकालको अवस्था सिर्जना भयो । यसैबेला धेरै नेपाली सञ्चारकर्मीले ज्यान गुमाउनु पर्योभने धेरै सञ्चार माध्यमहरुले राज्य तथा विद्रोही पसबाट कुनै न कुनै रुपमा आफूमाथि भएकोआत्रmमनको सामना गनर्ुपर्यो । सञ्चारकर्मीमाथि भएका धम्की, दुव्र्यवहार, अपहरन, यातनाजस्ता काम दुवै पसबाट भए । अत: नेपाली सञ्चार जगतले गरेको यो अनुभवले प्रेस स्वतन्त्रताप्रतिसजग रहन र आफूविरुद्ध भएका हस्तसेपलार्इ सोभmै प्रतिकार गर्न सबै सञ्चारकर्मीहरुलार्इ एकभएर जुट्नुपनर्े पाठ सिकाएको छ ।
धन्यवाद !
स्रोत : · नेपाली प्रेस ड्युरिङ स्टेट अफ इमर्जेन्सी ( नेपाल पत्रकार महासंघ· बन्दुकको मारमाकलम(नेपाल पत्रकार महासंघ·
प्रेस काउन्सिल नेपाल, बार्सिक प्रतिवेदन २०६५·
मिडियाको अन्तर्वस्तु, विविध विश्लेसन(२०६९), मार्टिन चौतारी
· www.inseconline.org
· www.presscouncilnepal.org
· www.nepalpressfreedom.org ‍ ‍ ‍

2008-09-19T00:57:00.000-07:00

I Miss U My Friends.....

2008-09-17T20:55:00.000-07:00

For me friends are very special i believe friendship is the most valuable, most important and most interesting relationship. Friends define sharing, caring, loving and overall friends are the spice of life. Life without friend is like human body without soul.
I have so many friends and dear friends i really miss u everything i do reminds me the wonderful and lovely time or should i say moents spend with all of u.
My school life was so so so interesting with all my friends. I never had to fight the relation was so smooth and we were around 64 students with lots of understanding....................

2008-09-01T23:39:00.000-07:00

life is really beautiful so people plzzzzz enjoy it and keep smiling...